When Was the Bugle Call Taps Composed and First Played

The bugle call Taps, the familiar mournful notes played at military funerals, was composed and first played during the Civil War, in the summer of 1862. A Union commander, Gen. Daniel Butterfield, with the help of a brigade bugler he had summoned to his tent, devised it to replace the bugle call the U.S. Army had been using to signal the end of the day. The bugler, Private Oliver Willcox Norton of the 83rd Pennsylvania Regiment, used the call for the first time that night. It was soon  adopted by other buglers and became very popular with the troops. Taps eventually spread throughout U.S. Army during the Civil War. It was even overheard by Confederate troops listening beyond the Union lines and adopted by their buglers. Over time it became associated with military funerals, and it is played to this day as part of the military honors at the funerals of American veterans. General Daniel Butterfield, the Composer of Taps The man most responsible for the 24 notes we know as Taps was General Daniel Butterfield, a businessman from New York State whose father had been a founder of American Express. Butterfield took a great interest in military life when he formed a militia company in upstate New York in the 1850s. At the outbreak of the Civil War Butterfield reported to Washington, D.C., to offer his services to the government, and was appointed an officer. Butterfield seemed to possess a busy mind, and he began to apply his penchant for organization to military life. In 1862 Butterfield wrote, without anyone asking for it, a manual on camp and outpost duty for the infantry. According to a biography of Butterfield published by a family member in 1904, he submitted his manuscript to his division commander, who passed it along to General George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan, whose obsession with organization was legendary, was impressed with Butterfields manual. On April 23, 1862 McClellan ordered that Butterfields suggestions be adopted for governance of the army. It was eventually published and sold to the public. Taps Was Written During 1862s Peninsula Campaign In the summer of 1862 the Unions Army of the Potomac was engaged in the Peninsula Campaign, an attempt by General McClellan to invade Virginia by its eastern rivers and capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. Butterfields brigade was engaged in combat during the drive toward Richmond, and Butterfield was wounded in the furious fighting at the Battle of Gaines Mill. By July 1862 the Union advance had stalled, and Butterfields brigade was encamped at Harrisons Landing, Virginia. At that time, the army buglers would sound a bugle call every night to give the signal for soldiers to go to the tents and go to sleep. Since 1835, the call used by the U.S. Army was known as Scotts Tattoo, named for General Winfield Scott. The call was based on a older French bugle call, and Butterfield disliked it as being too formal. As Butterfield could not read music, he needed help in devising a replacement, so he summoned a brigade bugler to his tent one day. The Bugler Wrote About the Incident The bugler Butterfield enlisted was a young private in the 83rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Oliver Willcox Norton, who had been a schoolteacher in civilian life. Years later, in 1898, after the Century Magazine had written a story about bugle calls, Norton wrote to the magazine and told the story of his meeting with the general. General Daniel Butterfield, then commanding our Brigade, sent for me, and, showing me some notes on a staff written in pencil on the back of an envelope, asked me to sound them on my bugle. I did this several times playing the music as written. He changed it somewhat lengthening some notes and shortening others, but retaining the melody as he first gave it to me. After getting it to his satisfaction he directed me to sound that call for Taps thereafter in place of the regulation call. The music was beautiful on that still summer night and was heard far beyond the limits of our brigade. The next day I was visited by several buglers from neighboring brigades asking for copies of the music, which I gladly furnished. I think no general order was issued from Army Headquarters authorizing the substitution of this for the regulation call, but as each brigade commander exercised his own discretion in such minor matters, the call was gradually taken up all through the Army of the Potomac. I have been told that it was carried to the Western Armies by the 11th and 12th Corps when they went to Chattanooga in the fall of 1863, and rapidly made its way through those armies. Editors at the Century Magazine contacted General Butterfield, who had, by then, retired from a business career at American Express. Butterfield confirmed Nortons version of the story, though he pointed out that he had been unable to read music himself: The call of Taps did not seem to be as smooth, melodious and musical as it should be, and I called in someone who could write music, and practiced a change in the call of Taps until I had it to suit my ear, and then, as Norton writes, got it to my taste without being able to write music or knowing the technical name of any note, but, simply by ear, arranged it as Norton describes. False Versions of the Origin of Taps Have Circulated Over the years, several false versions of the story of Taps have made the rounds. In what seems to have been the most popular version, the musical notation was found written on some paper in the pocket of a dead Civil War soldier. The story about General Butterfield and Private Norton has been accepted as the true version. And the U.S. Army took it seriously: when Butterfield died in 1901, an exception was made for him to be buried at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, though he had not attended the institution. A lone bugler played Taps at his funeral. Tradition of Taps at Funerals The playing of Taps at military funerals also began in the summer of 1862. According to a U.S. officers manual published in 1909, a funeral was to be held for a soldier from a Union artillery battery that was in a position fairly close to the enemy lines. The commander thought it unwise to fire the traditional three rifle volleys at the funeral, and substituted the bugle call Taps instead. The notes seemed to fit the mournfulness of the funeral, and the use of the bugle call at funerals eventually became standard. For decades, one particular flawed version of Taps has lived on in the memory of many Americans. When the funeral for President John F. Kennedy was held at Arlington National Cemetery in November 1963, Sergeant Keith Clark, a trumpet player in the U.S. Army Band, played Taps. On the sixth note, Clark went off-key, partly because he was struggling in the cold weather. The writer William Manchester, in a book on Kennedys death, noted that the flawed note was like a swiftly stifled sob. That particular rendition of Taps became part of American lore. The bugle Clark used that day is now on permanent display in Arlington National Cemeterys visitor center.

Apple Inc. – Rational System - 1583 Words

Apple Inc. – Rational System Apple Inc. was formerly known as Apple Computer Inc for about 3 decades, but removed the word Computer in 2007, to show the company s ongoing progression into the consumer electronics market, in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers. Apple Inc is a corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics such as the iPod, iPhone, iPad, computer software such as the Mac OS X operating system, and personal computers such as the Mac Book and Mac Book Pro. Apple Computer was founded on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino, California, and incorporated on January 3, 1977 by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, college dropouts who conceptualized a personal computer that could be operated easily by anyone.†¦show more content†¦This inevitably created a system of hierarchy. (Freedman and Vohr, [1992]: 3) This new hierarchical structure helped the company from making unnecessary layoffs. Also control policies became stricter and the managemen t staffs strengthen. The kind of structure and culture the company has developed has led Apple Inc to become one the most valued and successful business in America. The structure of the company follows a hierarchical order that helps upper management control the lower management and staff. With a structure centered on its employees and company performance, the level of involvement for both upper management and broad member plays a significant role within the company and requires time and attention to help properly discharge their responsibilities. (Media Corporate) Innovation is key for the progression of Apple Inc. The kinds of products produced by the company and its staff shows how culture impacts the company. For example the development and manufacturing of the IPod or the Iphone, which changed the music and social media industry forever is the outcome of a creative atmosphere that is reflected in the culture of the company. The quality of the product is highly valued to the sta ff and company because it leds to consumer loyalty which also helps to define the culture of Apple. The value of innovation, quality of the product and consumer loyalty has helped developed the type of culture within theShow MoreRelatedDigital vs Print21238 Words   |  85 Pagesit first hit the market a few decades ago. E-business modeling is a common challenge discussed in many print media forums, where industries are trying to complement their conventional models with their digital counterparts. Amazon, Wall Street and Apple are some examples that have modified their business models to adapt to the growing and changing consumer demands. Porter states â€Å"The internet is arguably the most powerful tool available today for enhancing operational effectiveness. By easing andRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesspend. She consumes only apples and bananas. Apples cost 2 dollars each and bananas cost 1 dollar each. 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Descriptive Essay Unifying Diversity - 1114 Words

Unifying Diversity in Education Classroom dynamics is a notorious topic in education.The concept was created to investigate the classroom community. Understanding classroom dynamics is advantageous to teachers, as it enables them to run a class successfully. This helps them learn how to set up a positive classroom atmosphere. Deborah Tannen, author of How Male and Female Students Use Language Differently, Mark Edmundson, author of On the Use of a Liberal Education, and Michael Wesch, who gave a TED talk on From Knowledgeable to Knowledge-Able provided theories about some of the shortcomings of contemporary education. From these three education specialists, it can be gathered that students need diverse†¦show more content†¦Wesch would agree with this method because he understands that everyone is different so we need to create diversity to make everyone feel comfortable enough to participate. â€Å"For at the base of this ‘information revolution’ are new ways of relating to one another, new wa ys of interacting, new kinds of groups, and new ways of sharing, trading, and collaborating†(Wesch). Using the media to teach creates equal opportunity. The various aspects in the media can be advantageous to both genders. For example, a timid female may be able to communicate more openly in an online class forum as would a male. Edmundson argues that there is consumerism in education, specifically Universities. According to him, Universities use sports and extracurricular activities to draw students in nowadays. This sends the wrong message to the consumer; the student. 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Across Five Aprils - 1656 Words

Chapter 6 1. Ellen suggests that Matt stop at the Burdows to thank Mr. Burdow for helping Jethro, the nigh of his return from town. 2. In the following months Jethro has to assume many of the responsibilities his father can no longer handle, including working the fields. 3. Matt means that Jethro is going to have to take on the responsibility of being a leader in his family, now that his farther is not in the best conditions. 4. The neighbors help Jethro and Jenny take care of and work the fields, 5. Ellen is telling Matt not to think of the worst about their children in war, because they don’t know if anything negative has happened to them. 6. Jethro and Jenny become close, working in the fields together and talking. Their†¦show more content†¦8. He doesn’t tell they, because he doesn’t want his friends to worry or to get into trouble. Yes, because they would want to feed their children, but they would try and convince him to turn himself in. 9. Jenny thinks this, because he is not eating to save food for Eb, and because he’s upset and he complains of a stomachache. He lets her believe this, because he doesn’t want to tell her the truth about what’s really going on, and why he is so upset and has a stomachache and he’s not eating. 10. He writes to Abraham Lincoln, and his answer is that all soldiers that defected from their posts and return to certain designated areas, by April 1st will be restored to their regiments, without punishment accept for they forfeit their pay during the time that they were gone. Chapter 10 1. The Confederates win the battle at Chancellorsville. Shad was the character in the novel that was there. 2. The others hate Eb, his work is harder, but he is accepting of the conditions they put him through. 3. He becomes popular, because he surrounded General Pemberton at Vicksburg, cut off his supplies, and his army was blown into surrender. The battle that makes him so popular is the battle at Vicksburg. 4. 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Web Analytics Free Essays

string(48) " so the users can find our website more easily\." The explosive growth in the amount of smartness and tablets marked we have fully entered the RA of mobile computing. There are more and more people prefer to buy the products or services they desired online. The company who can success overnight must be the one who can better understand the demands of customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Web Analytics or any similar topic only for you Order Now For those who have no Idea of the power of Internet marketing, Axiom Technology can be a good example. It has been established since August 2010 and there are no any offline franchised stores ever opened. The only channel for customers to get their products is ordering from their online store. This is totally an Internet marketing model and no one knows what will happen to this company in the future. Now only four years have passed Axiom Technology has overtaken Samsung to become the biggest seller of smartness in China and the company valuations has approaching 40 billions dollars (BBC, http://www. BBC. Com/news/business-28684581). The success of Axiom is not accidental but using tons of techniques to analyses customers and trying to understand their needs. Behind this web analytics is the most important tool to achieve this in Internet marketing. What web analytics does Is the study of visitor, navigation, and traffic patterns to determine the success of a given web site then through the objective tracking, collection, measurement, porting, and analysis of quantitative Internet data to optimism websites and Internet marketing initiatives (Web Analytics Association, http:. ‘/ indicators could tell us the operation performance of a website. Such as the sources of the visitors (where our visitors come from), the conversion rates of the visitors (includes the registration rates, opportunities to sale and other conversion rates we setup to monitor). Knowing these indicators is the basis of Internet marketing initiatives. In short, web analytics is a tool to help us optimism our website and align our resources to fit the Internet marketing strategies. This could be divided into several aspects. I will explain them one by one in this article. Monitoring the Operation Status of the Website This is the most basic function of web analytics. Web analytics tool like Google Analytics can collect the data which provided by the website such as slipstream data, user experience data and operational data then generate different kinds of statements through analyses the collected data. These statements can give a overview of the website and tell us whether it is healthy or not. The variation trend of clicks, umber of visits, number of users and other data like this can help marketers maintain the website from different aspects. However, for those non-technical specialist stakeholders web analytics tool can be an important tool to translate the professional terms such as page views, average time per visit and conversion rates to readable information. Monthly summary is one of the most common reports that web analytics tool can generate for a company to monitor its website. The information contained in the summary is of a relatively basic level. The monthly summary shows page views, visits ND visitors, as well as average time per visit and average page views per visit. The main purpose of the monthly summary is to inform key stakeholders about the level of activity on the website throughout each month (A. Phone, et al. , 2004). Figure 1 is a typical monthly summary. There are also other reports such as monthly dashboard which allow users to compare the activity on the website over a year, because of the limited words it is not possible to detail here. Figure 1. A Typical Monthly Summary The operators of the website will be panic without the support of different kinds of data. Because it means they have lost the perception to the status of the website. They have no idea how many visits today, thousands or none, will be a mystery. Without the direction of data, the operators will lost their target and path for Internet marketing. Evaluate the Efficiency of the Promotion Campaigns Like offline business processes, Internet marketing also needs promotion campaigns to acquire customers, improve brand image and customer perception. However, without web analytics we can not measure the help that the promotions bring to our websites Kips and we even can not know whether the growing Kips are profit from With web analytics we can track the sources of our visits then identify whether they are visiting through our promotions such as pay-per-click ads or banner ads. Moreover, we can further analyses the conversion rates relate to registration and order placing then find out the efficiency of our promotions and to what extent they can improve our Kips. Finally, according to the analysis we can adjust the Internet marketing strategies about the promotions. For example, to measure the efficiency of a banner ads we can easily calculate cost per acquisition to find out that: Cost per acquisition = Advertising and promotional cost/Number of click-troughs. Promote the Website Effectively Search Engine Optimization (SEE) and Search Engine Marketing (SEEM) SEE and SEEM are two vital parts in web analytics because they are the most important way for a website to fetch visits. Search engines are a key part of any company’s acquisition portfolio. For good reason, citizens of the Internet use search to find everything they are looking for. The business impact of this customer behavior is that we all pour a lot of resources into optimizing our websites to show up optimally in search engines for relevant queries (Vanish Sushi, 2010). There are several indexes for us to analyses SEE such as related keywords ranking, the click through rate (CTR) of the search terms and the number of invalid pages of the website in the search results. The traffic level is the foundation of a website. So it is necessary for us to know how good our website performing on SEE and SEEM clearly (Eric Eng, et al. , 2012). Precision Marketing SEE and SEEM can improve the web exposure of the website so the users can find our website more easily. You read "Web Analytics" in category "Papers" But sometimes it is also necessary to push our website to some specific users directly so called online promotions. Online promotion included customer segmentation, source segmentation and target market segmentation. Customer segmentation which based on customer behaviors can reveal the customer types our website attracts. The search terms based on source and affiliated websites analysis can let us know which parts on our website were cared about by our users and how our users found us. This analysis could direct us for our online promotion. We will know which groups of users we should send them e-mails. Moreover, web analytics can also help us find suitable places to do the online promotions. For example, the most related website we should put the advertisements on if we want to issue a product or organize an activity or the frequently searched keywords to do the sponsored links and SEE. So it can help us avoid the inefficiency promotions which will waste our operating costs. Through eliminating low efficiency costs and increase the ratio of high efficiency costs we could keep the budgets constant but have a better publicity. In the meantime, we can also find out which websites have more relevance with us then we can improve our how to organize the contents we want to promote. Optimizing the Customer Experience of the Website Simple and Effective Interactive Process The simple and easy-to-use interactive process will help the users achieve their targets and operations better. And the users are tend to visit the website which have more friendly interface that can let them surf on it without any troubles. Help the Users to Find What They Interested Recommend the contents which the users may interested are far more better than let themselves find what they want. Many websites like Amazon, eBay now have recommendation function based on the analysis of users behaviors, this function will elf on keep customers and let them browse more contents or use the services provided by the websites. Listen to the Users Web analytics is more than tons of daily statements of the websites. Actually, survey, lab usability testing and site visits are all belong to web analytics. Vanish Sushi were sorted them as the qualitative analysis in web analytics. These methods can let us listen to our users’ heart. With the results of these surveys we can do better on our website includes the design of function, interactive and navigation. All of these are aimed at enhancing the user experience of the website. In a word, the websites are living for traffic level, all what we do above can be concluded as three stages: monitoring the traffic, attract the traffic and keep the traffic. The traffic level can be easily translated to users, and the users are the only core for the websites. Part 2: http://www. Activation. Co. UK/ is a local company. You are required to: Identify its main line of business and its online marketing strategy, Critically evaluate its website designing and its online marketing strategy, and Make recommendations for improving the effectiveness of its website and online marketing strategy. Main Line of Business Active Alton is a local company operating a variety of sports and leisure facilities in Alton and it claimed itself as a non-profit organization. It currently operates 7 leisure and activity centers including Dell Farm, Inspire: Alton Sports Village, Lessee Sports Park, Highpoint Community Sports Arts Centre, Lea Manor Recreation Centre, Stockroom Park Golf Centre and Stockroom Park Athletics Centre Health Club. The main business that Active Alton run are the fitness and leisure events. Rely on the activity centers Active Alton provides its own brands covered a wide range of ports and services such as Profiles Health Fitness, Hydra Swim, Active Golf, Kid Around, Active Education, Active Communities, Active Training Development and people will enjoy a discount price to access the facilities through Join the membership and this is also the main sources of income to the organization. Online Marketing Strategy As a local organization who have held so many sports centers and leisure facilities, Active Alton seems has no intention to invest vast amount of time and money in online marketing because people are ultimately prefer to choose a fitness centre by sitting it not by Just browsing it online. The website of Active Alton are more like a exhibition not an online franchise store. I have drawn a structure chart of the website below and will analyses the online market strategy by using it. Through the structure chart we can have a general understanding of the whole website of Active Alton. As I state before, the website is consist by the introduction of the sports centers and leisure facilities. The only entrance for customers to checkout is in the membership page and will be shown after click ‘sign up online’. And there is o any online customer service but only two forms in the feedback and contact us pages. Because the organization possesses venues and stadiums and only provide very limited online transactions channel and customer service (the digital channels complementary is relatively low), the e-commerce business mode could be defined as between ‘Bricks and mortar’ and ‘Bricks and clicks’ refer to Figure 2. Figure 2. Three Business Modes in E-commerce In conclusion, the online marketing strategy should have objectives for online contribution in percent which means sales, service, profitability should drive the strategy. From the structure of the website I did not see much of elements which can bring extra incomes for the organization. Because of the products the organization provides is fitness and leisure services it is not possible to exploit new geographic markets. So the website has communicate benefits of existing products to existing penetration strategy (H. Igor Anions, 2007). Figure 3. Nations Product-Market Growth Matrix Website Designing There are eight most important factors in successful e-commerce site design (Lauded and Travel, 2009), in this part I will use this figure to evaluate the designing of the Bessie. Figure 4. The Eight Most Important Factors in Successful E-commerce Site Design All functions of the website are working normally during my test but it has no obvious funnel which can guide visitors to the checkout system and finally become customers. In general, there must be a button or link to purchase the product when we click into the introduction page of a product but for this website there is not. What instead of is a sign up online button which is in membership page so we can not see it directly. This will largely reduce the conversion rates and lower the functionality of the website. The information provided by the website are quite rich, from the introduction of the organization to the details of every venues and brands. And they have been placed in landing page so they are full accessible. But the customer service is a short slab of the website. There are only two forms provided in the contact us and feedback pages. According to Lauded and Tracer’s research it will annoy 75. 1% visitors if a website has no contact information available. Figure 5. E-commerce Website Features that Annoy Customers For other aspects in the figure 4, the layout and design of Active Lotto’s website are happily integrated style, both aesthetically and functionally. It has a dominant hue which is blue and the color is not been abused everywhere. The text are legible enough and the graphics are simple therefore the visitors will not be distracted. To sum up, the website is easy to use but lack of functionality and it need to be improved. Recommendations For the Web Designing To improve the effectiveness of the website can be translate to improve the user experience of it. First and the most important thing is to add a purchase button with the corresponding price table in every introduction page of the stadiums, this will increase the conversion rates and lead to a higher incomes which is the fundamental goals of e-commerce. And for the customer service, add at least one contact information (landlines, e-mail or both) to contact us page that visitors can use it to contact the organization actively. If the visitors are confused about some descriptions the conversion rates indirectly because people will not purchase anything if they are confusing about it. For the Online Marketing Strategy According to the organization’s conditions I did a SOOT analysis for it. Active Alton Strengths – S 1. Well-known brand 2. Abundant Resources 3. Extensive Services Weaknesses – W 1. Internet channel using 2. Web technologies 3. Online customer service Opportunities – O 1 . New customer segment 2. Co-branding promotion 3. Cross-selling SO strategies Integrate the services and trying to attract new customers through cross-selling and co-branding promotion WOW strategies Improve the user experience of the website and introduce new services to attract new customers Threats – T 1 . Other competitors who have advanced technologies 2. Customer choice 3. New entrants SST strategies Attract competitor’s customers by provide better services and hardware WET strategies Improve the user experience of the website and build a thorough customer relationship management system Figure 6. A Internet-specific SOOT Analysis for Active Alton Active Alton is an organization who has possessed a lot of resources including stadiums and parks. So the products and services it can provide can be varied if introduce cross-selling method. The growth point of the business is to attract new customers through new products and services and better user experience of the website. In this circumstance I would like to recommend WOW strategies for the organization. This kind of online marketing strategy is focused on improving the effectiveness of the website and develop new products that fit the e- commerce business such as special offers which people can only get from the online store. How to cite Web Analytics, Papers

United States and Evidence Possible Thesis Essay Sample free essay sample

Ex-husband: The drug trafficking jobs in Ex: ( From Newsweek ) Ex-husband: The intent of the paper will be to Afghanistan and the function of the U. S. Since the autumn of the Taliban. drug explore the complex interaction between the trafficking and drug usage in Afghanistan haswar on drugs and the war on terrorist act. skyrocketed. specifically. in Afghanistan. Some of the U. S. ’s best sources are the new drug Godheads of Afghanistan. Initial decisions: The war on terrorist act is in direct struggle with the war on drugs. Topic Initial grounds from background research Purpose Statement Ergogenic assistance usage in jocks of today. ( Personal Experience ) The intent of the paper will be to demo specifically high school jocks. Creatine helps an athlete recover faster tothe ergogenic AIDSs are non insecure and that work harder. it is all right for an jock to utilize them every bit good Protein helps an athlete buil musculus and isas demoing the direct affect of the assistance on a natural substance. We will write a custom essay sample on United States and Evidence Possible Thesis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The athlete’s organic structure. Initial Decisions: Addendums are used to assist an athlete get better in what he/she does. Measure 2: From purpose statement ( or inquiry ) to an averment Questions from purpose statement Possible averments ( based on grounds Possible thesis statements once more ) Ex-husband: Answer some of the inquiries to the left. Polish your thesis to both province your How specifically might drug trafficking be place and lay out the format of your related to the war on terrorist act? paper. How often does the U. S. usage such sources? How might the U. S. be lending to the drug trafficking job by utilizing these sources? Questions from purpose statement Possible averments ( based on grounds Possible thesis statements once more ) What types of addendums to jocks use? Creatine protein. Gatorade. arginine. humanErgogenic AIDSs is a legal and safe manner What is the most common addendum? growing endocrine. human growing composite. jocks to increase public presentation in his/her Why do jocks take to utilize addendums? Creatine and protein specific athletics. to heighten physical public presentation